Global Warming Credible Evidence - 1343 Words

Global Warming: Credible Evidence Name Professor Course Date Global Warming: Credible Evidence Global warming is one of the most controversial topics in the world today. Global warming describes a condition where the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere and oceans increase. Global warming is predicted to have significant harmful effects on life on earth. The controversy arises from conflicting evidence in the scientific community as to whether humans are contributing to global warming, whether it is a result of natural forces that are beyond the control of humans, or in some cases, whether it is even occurring at all. This research will examine credible evidence of global warming and will explore its causes and†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, evidence from the NRC demonstrates that these changes can happen quickly in tens of years, rather than longer periods of hundreds or thousands of years. Earth’s climate changes happen rapidly, as compared the geologic changes that take thousands or even millions of yea rs (NRC, 2006). This evidence combined with evidence presented by NASA, makes it difficult to argue that climate change is not occurring, or that it is happening rapidly. Now it is time to examine some of the effects of climate change and how they could impact Life on earth. According to The report by the American Meteorological Society, the 20 warmest years have occurred since 1981 (Peterson Baringer, Tenant 2009). The 10 warmest years have occurred in the past 12 years, even though solar energy output has declined over the same period (Peterson Baringer, Tenant 2009). The earth’s temperature continues to rise even though the energy from the sun reaching the earth has decreased. This increase in temperature has the potential to affect plants and animals that can only survive in certain temperature ranges. It also means that in some cases new plant species and animals will be able to survive where they could not in the past. This will place strain and produce many changes in local ecosystems, some of which may be beneficial and others which may be harmful. It will

Impact of Technology in Marketing Research-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Technology in Marketing Research. Answer: Impact of Technology in Marketing Research In the current business environment, marketing research is essential for the growth and development of all organizations and businesses since it puts an individual in the mind of the potential customers. Thanks to the technology, the theory of research have greatly transformed. As a result, the businesses are now renouncing paperwork and moving to mobile applications, USSD technology, and SMS information collections. The widespread implementation of the internet has transformed all businesses with only a few exclusions. Undoubtedly, technological developments have drastically changed the way market analysts carry out business. MRC Company will largely benefit from technology in transforming market research. Technology development will help the company to become more active and efficient. Based on the market research, technology will create new opportunities and pitfalls for achieving constructive business intelligence (Lee, 2017). Besides, the company will benefit from the enhancements of data collection (Market Research, 2018). Due to technology, there is a continuous stream of new software for data collection. Beyond the customary data collection methods such as focus groups, interviews and paper surveys, technology makes it possible for the market researchers to become much more aimed in what way they assess and how fast response can be obtained. For example, MRC can benefit from the mood-sensing trade appliance that is used to personalize the buying experience. According to Market Research (2018), the mood-sensing gadget is an effective tool for any research company looking to enhance market share and gather a lot of information about potential customers. Market Research (2018) added that with the bigger streams of statistics to gather, the ability to make data analysis is similarly crucial. The modern technology is making data analysis easier and more complicated. With better data analytics, MRC can be able to assemble that into reinforcing customer relationship management (CRM). Some companies use innovative analytics to strengthen customer retention and enhance lasting reliability. Also, the company can benefit from Google+, Twitter, and LinkedIn as they have developed the background in which research campaign is conducted. Social media can, therefore, change marketing research is electrifying ways, and it is also creating a business environment that generates an unfiltered response (Lee, 2017). Remarkable for reputation control and product recognition, marketing researchers can benefit from the enhanced abilities intrinsic in social media. Based on the research conducted by The Citizen (2017) Mobile technology has transformed market research where data is collected instantaneously. Real-time data is remarkable as it helps market researchers and organizations identify the information as it comes in. Mobile applications will allow MRC for data collection and geolocation in real time. It is, therefore, crucial to understanding where the information is originated from and geolocation can help MRC realize this. As per The Citizen (2017), Geo locations will remain to be a fervent trend in the current business environment and the world of market research as the company search for specific data. As a result of technology, companies can upload questionnaires digitally (Hajli, 2015). With surveys being uploaded on the internet to USSD technology and mobile applications, the market researcher can be able to retrieve them at the time convenient to them. Besides, Infoholic Research (2018) argue that cloud computing has made it possible for market research organizations to utilize their surveys. Mobile technology enables the documentation of insights and sentiments: With SMS and USSD technology, a company can be able to conduct a perception questionnaire and get immediate feedback to perceive how suppliers feel about the service or product (The Citizen, 2017). Technology can also benefit MRC in the sense that its developments in market research involve the incorporation of various sources of data hence allowing a holistic viewpoint of the individual or a certain situation. In todays business environment, insensible motivational demonstrative information can be incorporated with data collected submissively (Infoholic Research, 2018). This includes biometric quantification through wearable Smartphone or gadgets, and social media or simply digital information. As a result, marketing research will keep on evolving as businesses shift toward resourcefully integrating new data and using models that result in more consequential opinions and realistic applications (Hamilton Webster, 2012). Market research and considerable data are at the decisive moment and will come together to help businesses create more evocative insights (Mcquarrie, 2015). As a result, MRC will see more application of complex analytics, attitudinal and behavioral data to enable trademarks to create more premeditated decisions instantly. Using data sourcing, imaginative and analytical models can as well help with the atypical states of the consumer lifecycle such as retention, blend, cross -sell/up-sell and purchase (The Citizen, 2017). The use of technology will allow MRC as a market research consultancy to design self-service policies where customers can plan their concise micro-analysis. As earlier noted, technology has enabled marketing research to become more responsive. Responsive marketing research is a methodology that takes its insight from responsive software advancement which values assessment and data over resolutions and judgments (Market Research, 2018). Today, the real power for businesses is the capability to be responsive and also to adjust to what is promptly happening in the business environment (Insights Association, 2018). Businesses, therefore, require appropriate, achievable insights and data more rapidly than ever. Thus, technology supporting responsive research is an assessment, measure, and study approach that enables prompt pivots in businesses. In conclusion, just adopting a single channel like e-mail for acquiring market insights can rigorously constrain marketing research. Thus, companies should ensure that their research campaigns platforms adjust to the most suitable touch-points for social media; mobility, respondents and other innovative technology provide compliant platforms where to uncover the appropriate engagement method. Based on the above discussion, MRC will undoubtedly benefit from adopting the new technologies in research campaigns. As a result, the company will be able to improve their market research ability and provide accurate and effective service to their potential customers. List of Reference Hajli, N. (2015). Handbook of research on integrating social media into strategic marketing. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. Hamilton, L., Webster, P. (2012). The international business environment. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Infoholic Research. (2018). 7 Benefits of Digital Market Research Techniques Over Traditional Technologies. [Online] Available from: https://www.infoholicresearch.com/7-benefits-of-digital-market-research-techniques-over-traditional-methodologies/. [Accessed 13 July 2016] Insights Association. (2018). Emerging Technology: Impacts on Marketing Research. Available from: https://www.insightsassociation.org/article/emerging-technology-impacts-marketing-research. [Accessed 13 July 2011] Lee, I. (2017). The internet of things in the modern business environment. (Place of Publication not Identified) Market Research. (2018). 5 Ways Technology has Changed Market Research. [Online] Available from: https://blog.marketresearch.com/blog-home-page/bid/339928/5-ways-technology-has-changed-market-research. [Accessed 8 October 2013] Mcquarrie, E. F. (2015). The Market Research Toolbox: A Concise Guide for Beginners. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. The Citizen. (2017). How Mobile Technology has Changed Market Research. [Online] Available at: https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/How-mobile-technology-has-changed-market-research/1843788-3903542-veyrbi/index.html. [Accessed 26 April 2017]

Causes of Stress in Community College Students Essay Example

Causes of Stress in Community College Students Paper College Students and Stress College Students In our society, various factors can attribute to the cause of stress which can affect or destabilize the functioning of an individual. However, many from various sects of life go through stress once, twice or more in their lifetime. Colleges provide for new students the idea of unlimited freedom which inspires the student and make such individuals zealous and very motivated, but little is said about the demand and responsibility that is expected from the student. Herein lays the stress. Firstly, in community colleges, bulk of the study and understanding of educational materials re left for the students to realize by him/her self. And most students in community colleges tend to Joggle one or more duties in their life with school, most of who might be working to either pay for tuition or take care of self. As a result, creating little or no time for study or abundant understanding of a given subject, and this can cause a lot of stress for the student, who in turn would have to worry about passing the class and having to pay the tuition whichever way the class ends. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Stress in Community College Students specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Stress in Community College Students specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Stress in Community College Students specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Secondly, another factor that can be responsible for stress is relationship and peer pressure which are rarely talked about. Since most students are responsible for themselves, some tend to drift away or mix with the wrong crowd which later becomes a source of problem along the line as most face the pressure of having to experiment with things such as drugs, sexual activities and the likes which might not have originally been a pattern of life for such Individuals, therefore, having to contend with this pressure can be very stressful and painstaking. Furthermore, another factor that can be added to the cause of stress In community college students can be the freedom of having to select classes and course schedules at ones desired discretion. In comparison with four- year College/unlettered where class schedules are already set, one can hardly manipulate the pace at which one completes his/her studies. The same cannot be said of community colleges as students are given a list of classes and are expected to select at various times classes they desire to take, which can be stressful for some who are undecided or those that do not know the sequence In which there classes should follow. And this can cause a lot of student to select Irrelevant classes which might not be needed for their desired course of study. However, the knowledge of such error or misunderstanding can cause emotional stress for students who would have had a set time for graduation to now realize they still need some more classes or that the classes they took were Irrelevant. In conclusion, financial problems, peer pressure, relationships, and Increased responsibility can be said to contribute to the causes of stress for community college students. However, the ability to correctly balance and regulate ones commitments and duties can help In the reduction of stress. After all, colleges In general have stress, It all depends on how one deals with he hustling and bustling of college life as this helps In setting the stage for future responsibility which If one overcomes now would pay Off great deal In ones life. Causes of Stress in Community College Students By deejays for such individuals, therefore, having to contend with this pressure can be very cause of stress in community college students can be the freedom of having to select year College/Universities where class schedules are already set, one can hardly who are undecided or those that do not know the sequence in which there classes should follow. And this can cause a lot of student to select irrelevant classes which r that the classes they took were irrelevant. In conclusion, financial problems, peer pressure, relationships, and increased responsibility can be said to contribute to the causes of stress for community college students. However, the ability to correctly balance and regulate ones commitments and duties can help in the reduction of stress. After all, colleges in general have stress, it all depends on how one deals with the hustling and bustling of college life as this helps in setting the stage for future responsibility which if one overcomes now would pay Off great deal in ones life.

Book Response Proof Sheet Essays - English-language Films

Book Response Proof Sheet Essays - English-language Films Ice Book Response Proof Sheet Title: Ice Genre: adventure Plot: Chrissy always thought of her father as the greatest superhero on Earth. Unfortunately she hadnt seen him for the last three years and since her mother refused to discuss anything about his disappearance Chrissy pretty much refused any contact with her mother. Not knowing what to do, Chrissys mother sends her out to the country to live with her grandmother, fathers mother, hoping that shell open up and start living normally. At first Chrissy hated the idea of having to go live away from New York where shed grown up, but later on she took it as an opportunity to further explore her fathers mysterious disappearance. However, after living at grandmas for a few days she realized that grandma wasnt gonna be of any more help than her mom was. Therefore Chrissy decided to slowly explore the house and search for any clues to her destination. While living out in the country slowly she started to like the surroundings and even managed to meet a few friends, including a neighborhood guy she dev eloped feelings for. She found letters and pictures that lead her to believe that her father was still alive but she never had any proof. Finally one day after almost losing her granddaughter, Chrissys grandma decided to spill the truth. In deed Chrissys dad was still alive, however he was in prison. Characters: Chrissy plays a role of a very quiet shy thirteen-year-old girl. Most of her insecurity came because she believed that her father leaving her was her fault. Ever since her dad left shes been trying out new things that scared her, but she just though that maybe her dad would like her better if she was more risk-taking. She tries to understand her grandmother as much and she can and help her out with all the work in the country. Even though her father had recommended to Chrissys grandma never to take her to visit him at prison, Chrissy was able to convince grandma otherwise because she just needed to tell her dad all that she had though and concluded over the years he was gone. Mostly she wanted to let him know that no matter how much it hurts her that he just disappeared all of a sudden and never wrote to her, she still loves him. Chrissys grandma is a typical old-fashioned caring woman. She guides Chrissy through steps to becoming a responsible young girl who will make her life out to be better than her fathers. She creates rules for Chrissy to follow in the house and doesnt ease up after a few complaints from her granddaughter. She always tried to do what she thought would hurt Chrissy the least but, in my opinion, she wasnt right to keep the secret about Chrissys dad for that long from Chrissy. Even though grandma was in her retiring years, she helped out others and tried to get as much work done as she could handle. She went to church and donated as much as possible to he charity fund. Her awesome personality helped Chrissy open up and get back to normal life. Passage: Her first thought was NO, but then she remembered the look in dads eyes when she had mentioned to him how afraid she was of roller coasters. Compelling herself, Chrissy clutched her fists around the sled, closed her eyes tightly, and finally pushed her-self off the hill. Gliding thorough the air, even though scared to death, all that managed to go through her mind was, I wish daddy was here. I wish he could see me now, see that Im not just a scared little girl, but that I can be brave if he wants me to. This passage was one of the most touching in the whole book to me because it explains how much Chrissy misses her dad and at the same time blames herself for his disappearance. I cant relate to her thoughts but I can remember that when I was younger my mission in life was to make mommy and daddy proud of me. I cant imagine how hard it is for kids to grow up without both parents. This passage just helped me understand the

Strategic Situation Analysis for Developing Critical Thinking Skills - Essay - 8

Strategic Situation Analysis for Developing Critical Thinking Skills - Matching Dell - Essay Example The approach towards analyzing a situation is based on productive and critical mindset and involves several steps in its execution. One of the most important steps in SSAS is to investigate the underlying strategy of a situation and find out how that strategy influences the outcomes, productivity, and results of the study at hand. This constitutes the third step in the SSAS approach. The pertinent case study is dealing with the functioning of the Dell computer company, and its comparison with its rival companies. This involves examining the management and strategies of the Dell Corporation and matching it with its rival corporations. Towards the mid-‘90s, the advent of personalized computers had taken over the market, and more and more customers were finding new reasons to obtain their own computers. This meant that computers were no longer limited to big corporations and businesses, but were becoming a household commodity. This gave companies like IBM and Apple, which were previously manufacturing mainframe machines, to produce PCs and tap the huge profits in this sector. Initially, IBM, the leading company in computer hardware, took over the market by manufacturing PCs and loading them with software developed mainly by Microsoft. Their contract with Microsoft proved fruitful and they were soon the leaders in the market. Other companies like Compaq, HP (Hewlett-Packard) and Gateway followed suit. They all focused on developing the hardware and contracting with software companies like Microsoft or Apple to provide them with the operational programs, and their main customers were big and medium-sized corpor ate organizations. Dell was another such company dealing with the manufacturing of PCs.However,  their method of working was radically different  from the other companies,  and it was so successful  that it gave  them a huge edge of advantage that  soon earned them  the leading position in the market.

Security and Privacy in the Network Context Essay

Security and Privacy in the Network Context - Essay Example This Virtual Private Database feature controls access to individual row in the database. It works by dividing the database for use by diverse type of users and keep it secure from illicit access. The other technique is to recognize potential vulnerabilities and suggest remedial actions to secure a database system. ISS Database Scanner Software, a product available with Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server and Sysbase databases automatically scrutinize the system for insubstantial passwords and viruses. A more intricate database security device is presented by Guardent through its Security Management Appliance. It works behind a firewall and remotely detects vulnerabilities. It covers operating systems, applications and network infrastructures, and remote online databases. Experiences and experts analysis dictates that more a responsive social and organizational actions should be taken. Accounting for the losses in businesses and the effects in economy, protecting databases from hackers is now a serious business. Our society and organization should be vigilant in protecting our vital and key information against criminal elements using the technology to spy, steal and destroy our investments. We must first ensure that our network security is reliable and constantly updated. Let us remember that nowadays, spending a little more in security software even for personal use is fundamental. Invest on reliable and tested database application; buy only those programs with robust security design. For companies, ensure those personnel in the system administration are strictly following security guidelines. Apply more restrictions to database access especially on internet-based databases that are more vulnerable to attacks. Configure your server to allow only those trusted IP addresses and employ Table Access Control security on your databases. Long-Term Network and Data Security, and Privacy Rights There are many ways to secure access of vital information's in a Network, Database and Individual Private files. At present, Operating Systems and Database Systems come with security features that can considerably prevent unauthorized access. Long-term methods are available from various reputable computer security companies such as Servers employing Trusted IP Address methods. This is done by configuring the server access to a list of "trusted" users only. Next is Server Account Disabling that suspends the server ID after three unsuccessful attempts. This is done to prevent attackers from generating random passwords to get the right combination. Monitor the system; get a product that would send alert when someone wants to break-in into the system. Secure the system with authentication methods such Kerberos Security, a "ticket" based authentication systems from Oracle (Weidman, n,d.). Restrict access to selected rows of databases by employing VPD (Virtual Private Database) Technology (Wiedman,

Property And Asset Division Essay Example for Free

Property And Asset Division Essay ABSTRACT This paper intends to set a simple structure in order to investigate the role of property and asset rights in the case of a legal separation. This paper also lays stress upon the role that the laws of alimony and property division can play in formulating the divorce decisions and allocations of assets even in the case of a existing marriage. INTRODUCTION it is commonly believed that certain changes within the Divorce Laws and regulations have led to the increasing number of divorces occurring today, especially when the Law allows one partner to unilaterally ask for a matrimonial dissolution lacking the approval of the other partner. People also felt that a continued liberalization of the Divorce laws would further increase the divorce rate. However, this is not true. The laws on property division, both within a marriage and after divorce also play a very important part in the filing of a divorce. Moreover, the continuously simplifying procedures and easily available legal aid is also the factor behind the increasing number of divorce incidents. This paper throws light upon the general property rights that are involved within a legal separation.   The Divorce Laws presents some rights with regards to the dissolution of a marriage, and these are related to the property rights of both the partners. At times, such rights can me traded or at times can also be included within the dissolution agreement. For instance, a Law that allows one partner to take a divorce, is very different from the one the Law that needs the consent of both the partners. If the husband wishes to separate his ways, and if his profit from the divorce is more, then according to a Mutual Consent, both the partners agree to divorce and the husband has to pay the compensation to his wife. In this case, it is said that the wife has sold her marriage rights. Whereas, in the case of a one sided law, if the gain of the husband is small than the loss of the wife, then the wife needs to compensate the husband for not asking for a separation. In this case, it is said that the husband has sold his marriage rights. The conclusion of this discussion is that the split-up does not depends on the law, but on the comparative size of the gains and losses of divorce. This argument given above allows for the evolvements of property rights in a divorce. Thus property and assets once mutually held by both the couple, become a type of compensation which can be paid. The property laws assume that in the absence of any type of compensation that has been mutually formed, or any agreed transfer, there is a well laid out criterion for the allocation of property and resources held jointly. After the divorce has been granted by the court, it depends upon the couple to divide the property. This can be done even of one partner seeks the division of the marital property. The couples are free to settle the property issues outside court if they wish to do so. To remember some important facts about Property Division law regarding a divorce, are that there are some kinds of properties that cannot be divided by the court. The properties that come under this ruling are inherited properties, gifts, business and professional licenses and property inherited by the partners before marriage is not subjected to a division. Also, it should be noted that there are certain matters that are upheld by the Property Division law that decide the division of property between the two parties. Monetary issues, contributions by each partner to the household, tax penalty in case of an imbalanced partition; labors of a partner to safeguard and augment the value of the joint property; efforts by a spouse to waste assets; the physical conditions and health of each partner, and the economic situation of each partner are some of the major issues that drive the format of the Property division in the case of a divorce.   The next section discusses the Property Rights and Family law. PROPERTY RIGHTS AND FAMILY LAW Marital or commonly referred to as community property is defined by different rules by different states, but overall, it includes the assets and property that were acquired jointly by the couple at the time of marriage and during the marriage. The wages that are earned by each of the couple, home, furniture, cars and other household items that are purchased during this period are marital property. Neither of the partner has the right to keep these things entirely without the consent of the other partner. If the property is in the name of one spouse, then it is also not necessary that it is not a marital property.   Similarly, a pension is also regarded as a marital property, even though it is gained in the name of only one spouse from his working place. In some cases, pensions may be regarded as non marital, seeing to the financial and health conditions of the spouse earning it. The money that was earned mutually is regarded as marital property while the money earned before marriage is non-marital. Division of Marital Property In some states, there are very simple rules regarding division of marital property. According to some marital laws, it is believed that marriages are a joint undertaking and that the marital property should be equally divided between the two spouses and it is assumed that both the spouses are an equal contributor to the acquirement and conservation of property. However, the court understands that the contributions may be of different nature, but in any case, they may be treated equally. The spouse who earns money will not receive more of property than the homemaker, unless the husband and wife had a premarital agreement stating otherwise. In some other countries and states, it is not a fifty-fifty situation. The Law considers a number of factors and gives each factor a weight age according to the situation. However, this gives more flexibility to the process of property and assets division. Any property or a physical asset may belong to both the partners or only one. In case, when the couple has a disagreement on a particular asset and how should it be used, then in this case, the current state law of martial issues hold the authority to decide the matter. These laws relating to division of marital property differs from one country to other, and keeps changing with time. There are examples of these property laws showing dramatic changes in the character of property rights within marriage over the course of a time period; where from having almost complete power over family unit property, a husband can now be disqualified from his own house. Comparable transformations have occurred in English law, leading to the Married Womens Property Act of 1870. Here are some factors stated in the Law for equitable distribution of assets and property. Here are some examples of factors that are considered by states applying principles of equitable distribution of property: Non-marital Property- if in case, one spouse inherits more non-marital property, then the other spouse can be in favor of getting a larger portion of the marital property upon division. As the Law, states, â€Å"courts are not obliged to give equal amounts of property to each spouse, but if the parties have sufficient assets to leave each party in a comfortable situation after the divorce, courts usually will try to do so.† Earning Power- The spouse with less earning power will be given more benefit during the property and other asset division by the court. Courts states that, â€Å" the party with greater earning power can regain money lost in a divorce more easily than the party with less earning power†. Who Earned the Property- in these cases, the benefit is gained by the spouse who worked hard to earn the property. For example, the family business which was run by the husband goes to him, only of the family property and the business is of almost same value. The home in this case goes to the wife. Services as a Homemaker- The court recognizes that ding the household chores are also work and in addition it gives freedom to the other spouse to go out and earn for the family. Law gives attention to the fact if a homemaker had impaired his or her professional career in order take care of the house hold. If the spouse can show that he or she had missed the opportunity of earning, then the court favors to giving more of the property to the home maker spouse. Waste and Dissipation- the court also analyzes the fact if any spouse has wasted money during the marriage and this can go against him or her during the property division time. . This issue us also called as economic fault, rarely considered by courts. According to the court, â€Å"Waste or dissipation could include gambling losses, significant sums of money given to family members (particularly over the protest of the other spouse), and money spent on pursuing romantic relationships outside the marriage.† Also added are the business losses which are considered as waste or dissipation, however at times they might be considered as normal business risks and the spouse is normally not penalized. Faults- Law also considers any type of spousal abuse or marital infidelity, when considering the case of marital property division. Most of the state courts however do not give much stress to this issue during property division. In the past, majority of the divorce cases were based upon faults by either of the partners, and the divorcà © was settled upon this fault by the spouse and highly affected the property division. However , today, courts decide the property division cases primarily on the economic factors when separating property and pay less concentration to who-did-what-to-whom. Duration of Marriage- in this case, if the marriages are long, then the court favors the spouse with less wealth or earning power. The longer the marriage, the more likely a court is to view the husband and wife as equal partners. Age and fitness of Parties- if one of the person is suffering from bad health or is much older than the other spouse, then he or she is in favor of getting a larger award. According to the court,† When the factor is mentioned by a court, it most often is in connection with an older wife whose ability to earn money is diminished by her age and health. The factor can apply to men too, particularly if the man is of an age at which it is not reasonable to assume that he can go out and re-earn a substantial amount of assets if his wife were given a majority of the marital assets. In such a case, an equal division of assets would be more likely†. Tax penalty- The tax consequences in the event of a marital property division is considered by the court. Suppose for example, if the house or the stocks acquired are being sold as a part of the property division, the person who ends up paying more tax as payment of capital gains tax, the Law will consider this and will try to favor the party during the division. On the contrary if the property settlements leads to some kind of tax benefit, the party which acquires a majority of the profits may be in a stringer position to receive a less part of the property. Premarital Agreements. A printed premarital agreement, can be a winning card in dividing the marital property between the partners. By ingoing into a premarital accord, the wife and husband have decided to surrender their rights to have a court consider the customary group of factors in dividing property. As a substitute, the parties through their contract have determined in advance how their property should be divided in the event of a divorce. Custody of Children – this issue might fall under a very narrow spectrum of property rights if viewed closely, since the assets and property has to be later devoted for the cause of children, therefore, responsibility of children and their custody is also a part of this issue. As an example, in England, before the Child Custody Act of 1839 a wife, even if divorced and separated from her husband, was offered no custody or visiting rights to her children and other family members. Ever since, the laws have changed significantly. Effect of bankruptcy – the settlements of marital assets and property might be dischargeable in liquidation or bankruptcy, or in case, it might not be dischargeable, depending on the essentials of the divorce case. A discharge in bankruptcy means, â€Å"all of a debt or a portion of a debt no longer has to be paid because a federal court has declared the debtor to be bankrupt†. Before 1994, many former spouses found themselves out of luck after the divorce when seeking to collect what was due, because their former spouses declared themselves bankrupt after divorce. For example, a couple, may have agreed to a divorce based on a promise from the husband that three years after the divorce, he would pay the wife some mutually agreed amount of money as part of the property settlement. If the husband declared bankruptcy after the divorce was finalized, the wife might never be able to get the said money. This arrangement, particularly in cases in which the debtor is technically bankrupt (owing more money than the debtor has assets) was seen as a potential unfairness by the Congress, as the debtor has the capacity to pay the debts to the ex-spouse. The law was then modified, the new law, which took effect in 1994, started allowing the bankruptcy court to weigh the situation between the parties. If there are reasons to believe that the so called bankrupt debtor has enough means, property and income to pay the debt to the ex-spouse, in addition to his or her dependents’ basic support then the debtor is bound to pay the debt to ex-spouse. If it is found or proved that the debtor truly does not have enough money for the basic support of the debtor and his or her dependents, then all or a part of the debt may be discharged in bankruptcy. Although in appropriate circumstances, a bankruptcy court has the power to discharge, partially or fully, a debt owed in a property settlement, the court cannot discharge past-due payments for alimony or child support. For reducing future alimony and child support, a debtors bankruptcy may be a ground, but it certainly does not qualify for discharging part or full past-due alimony and child support. CONCLUSION The marital community may end in several ways- annulment, death of spouse, divorce, separate maintenance and separate living agreement. In all these cases, however, the above mentioned laws are useful for resolving the property division issues. REFERENCES 1. Becker, Gary (1991) A Treatise on the Family , Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Becker, Gary, Landes, Elizabeth, and Michael, Robert (1977), An Economic Analysis of Ma rital Instability, Journal of Political Economy, 85(6), 1141-1187. Clark, S. (1998). Law, Property, and Marital Dissolution. University of Edinburgh, Department of Economics, Discussion Paper. Clark, S. (1999). Law, Property, And Marital Dissolution. Economic Journal ,, forthcoming. Coase, R.H. (1960). The Problem of Social Cost, Journal of Law and Economics, (3) , 1-44 Friedberg, Laura (1998). Did Unilateral Divorce Raise Divorce Rates? Evidence from Panel Data, American Economic Review, 88(3), 608- 627. Gibson, Colin S (1994) Dissolving Wedlock , London, Routledge. Rowthorn, R.E. (1998). Marriage and Trust: Some Lessons from Economics, Cambridge Journal of Economics, forthcoming. Smith, Ian (1997) Explaining the Growth of Divorce in Great Britain, Scottish Journal of Political Economy , 44(5), 519-544. Thomson J.M. (1986) Family Law in Scotland, 2nd ed, Edinburgh, Butterworths. Brinig, Margaret and Allen, D ouglas. (2000). These Boots Are Made for Walking: Why Most Divorce Filers Are Women. American Law and Economics Review , 2, 126-69. 9. Chiappori, Pierre-Andre, Bernard Fortin and Guy Lacroix (2002) Marriage Market, Divorce Legislation and Household Labor Supply, Journal of Political Economy.