Comparing the Behavioral Perspective and the Cognitive Perspective :: Psychology

Comparing the Behavioral Perspective and the Cognitive Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The behavioral perspective is the idea that if psychology was to be a science, then it must focus on events, which are directly observable on behavior, rather than on mental life. The behavioral perspective maintains the primary emphasis on observable behavior and its relation to environmental events. Behavioral perspective is through reinforcement, which is the idea that patterns of emitted behavior can be selected by their consequences. Cognitive perspective is centered on the description of the nature and development of the representation of knowledge. It comes from three points of view, which are the theory of information processing, the inability of behaviorism to provide a comprehensive account for all aspects of human behavior, and the invention of the computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behavioral perspective is the theory that the majority of all behavior is learned from the environment after birth. Freewill is considered to be an illusion, because our environment determines behavior. Behaviorists believe that only behavior should be observed, not our minds, since we cannot see into other people’s minds. There is no way to know if a person is honestly answering a question so it is irrelevant. Behaviorists use strict laboratory experiments, usually on animals, such as rats or pigeons. They test animals because the laws of learning are universal, there are only a quantitative difference between animals and humans, and animals are practically and ethically more convenient to test.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive psychologists think that mental processes should and can be investigated scientifically. Comparing the Behavioral Perspective and the Cognitive Perspective :: Psychology Comparing the Behavioral Perspective and the Cognitive Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The behavioral perspective is the idea that if psychology was to be a science, then it must focus on events, which are directly observable on behavior, rather than on mental life. The behavioral perspective maintains the primary emphasis on observable behavior and its relation to environmental events. Behavioral perspective is through reinforcement, which is the idea that patterns of emitted behavior can be selected by their consequences. Cognitive perspective is centered on the description of the nature and development of the representation of knowledge. It comes from three points of view, which are the theory of information processing, the inability of behaviorism to provide a comprehensive account for all aspects of human behavior, and the invention of the computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behavioral perspective is the theory that the majority of all behavior is learned from the environment after birth. Freewill is considered to be an illusion, because our environment determines behavior. Behaviorists believe that only behavior should be observed, not our minds, since we cannot see into other people’s minds. There is no way to know if a person is honestly answering a question so it is irrelevant. Behaviorists use strict laboratory experiments, usually on animals, such as rats or pigeons. They test animals because the laws of learning are universal, there are only a quantitative difference between animals and humans, and animals are practically and ethically more convenient to test.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive psychologists think that mental processes should and can be investigated scientifically.

Sepsis Systemic Immune Response Health And Social Care Essay

Sepsis is defined by the clinical marks and symptoms of a systemic immune response to infection. ( 1-2 ) Presently, sepsis on a world-wide degree creates a important degree of mortality ; and consequences in about one tierce of all Intensive Care admittances. ( 3-5 ) In Victoria entirely there are about 8500 admittances to Emergency Departments with patients enduring from sepsis ( 3 ) and this figure is increasing. Sepsis intervention can be initiated with a wide spectrum antibiotic, and so transferred onto a specific antibiotic regimen. Presently the degree of pre infirmary informations available on the direction of sepsis is really limited and the most advanced theoretical account has been initiated in the United Kingdom ; including a pre infirmary testing tool and so the infirmary direction known as the ‘Sepsis six ‘ . ( 6 ) Pre hospital direction can be utilised to the full potency of paramedics developing and cognition with the disposal of pre infirmary antibiotics ; nevertheless this is non without hazard. Possibly the opposition to manus over the authorization to paramedics in the United States is the impression of making a ace bug ; similar to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures. This paper proposes that the disposal of antibiotics in the pre hospital field does transport some hazard, but the research suggest that the benefits clearly outweigh these hazards. A new pre infirmary guideline must be created due to the sheer figure of Emergency Department admittances. The possible to do a important difference to a patient ‘s result is imperative.EpidemiologyIt has been extremely researched and reported across the universe that sepsis is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and topographic points an tremendous fiscal load on the several wellness system. ( 2, 5, 7 ) Statistics from Australia, United States and the United Kingdom are similar in nature and supply a wealth of information sing the epidemiology of sepsis. Sepsis in the Uni ted States has been recognised as a public wellness issue, ( 8 ) with surveies describing that there are 300 reported instances per 100,000 with about 40 % mortality. ( 5, 7-9 ) Severe sepsis in the United land histories for 27 % of Intensive Care Unit admittances ( 4 ) and this is comparable with 23.8 % of Intensive Care admittances in Victoria, Australia. ( 3 ) However it may be noted that this information is non really recent and that in the clip of survey the incidence was increasing by about 9 % per twelvemonth ; whilst besides describing a lessening in the figure of deceases associated with sepsis from about 45 % to 37.7 % . ( 5, 7, 9 ) Whilst many surveies report the figure of admittances, few report the age distribution of patients showing with sepsis. Sundararajan et. Al. high spot that the age distribution within their survey was bimodal which identified that the age brackets at the extremes of the spectrum were over represented ; with kids less than 1 and grownups in the 70-79 age bracket. ( 3 ) Upon farther probe into the types of causative pathology doing sepsis in these patients ; gram positive beings account for 28 % , gram negative for 20 % , fungous infections 2 % and other beings for 49 % . ( 3 ) These figures are comparable with a survey conducted by MacArthur et. Al. of about 2634 patients with about 30 % identified as gm positive and 26 % gram negative bacteriums. ( 10 )Pathophysiology and clinical characteristicsWhat is Sepsis?Sepsis is an infection induced syndrome and the clinical visual aspect in nature is the effects of cellular interactions between the host and invading pathogen. ( 2, 11-12 ) Sepsis may be initialised by drawn-out local redness to extinguish and unclutter the invading pathogen. The 2nd line of defense mechanism against occupying pathogens involves the production and activation of leucocytes at the local site of infection. ( 13-14 ) Throughout this stage, immune cells identify the pathogen through pattern acknowledgme nt protein receptors on the cells. ( 15 ) An illustration of one of these receptors are toll like receptors and these are among the acknowledgment receptors which have the ability to trip immune cells, bring oning the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the stimulation with bacteriums and viral proteins ( depending on the infection ) . ( 15-16 ) The occupying pathogen may originate the complement tract of the immune system, leting leucocytes to phagocytose [ digest ] the pathogen. If the host fails to restrict the invading pathogen to a local country, the pathogen may occupy the blood stream. ( 16 ) If phagocytosis continues in the blood watercourse, toxic substances released by the pathogen may leak straight into the blood stream ; these include endotoxins released by gram negative bacteriums ( 17 ) and lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan released by gram positive bacteriums. ( 18 ) These byproducts of phagocytosis and decease of the cell may trip a systemic a ctivation of the complement system and excite the production of inflammatory cytokines. ( 19 ) Subsequently taking to an increased excessive and prolonged inflammatory response. ( 20 ) The consequence of this drawn-out response leads to Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ( SIRS ) which is the consequence of either direct or indirectly through the production and activation of azotic oxide, oxidizers and proteolytic enzymes which is known to hold the possible to take to inflammation induced organ hurt. An illustration of this would be Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. ( 16, 20 ) SIRS is characterised by two or more of the undermentioned: organic structure temperature & gt ; 38A °C or & lt ; 36A °C, bosom rate & gt ; 90 beats per minute, respiratory rate & gt ; 20 per minute or arterial CO2 & gt ; 32mmhg or a demand for unreal airing, and white blood count greater than 12,000/mm3 or & lt ; 4000mm3 or & gt ; 10 % immature signifiers. ( 21 ) Sir can be besides initiated non m erely by infection, it may besides develop as a consequence of injury, ischaemic hurt or unfertile redness. ( 22 )What is terrible sepsis?If SIRS is left untreated, this response so cascades into what is known as terrible sepsis. Severe sepsis is defined as ‘sepsis associated with organ disfunction, hypoperfusion or hypotension responsive to fluid resuscitation ‘ . ( 23 ) This can come on to infected daze, which involves ‘persistent hypotension unresponsive to fluid disposal ‘ . ( 23 ) An illustration of terrible sepsis is called Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome ( MODS ) . This occurs when the infection of the blood stream leads to progressive failure of two or more organ systems which result from a drawn-out and uncontrolled inflammatory response. This organ disfunction can take to possible organ failure and decease. ( 19 )Analyse grounds associating to the prehospital direction of sepsis to place hazards and benefits of paramedic-initiated antibiotic the rapy ;Sibley and Sibley ( 23 ) suggest that if Emergency Medical Services ( EMS ) or Paramedics have a patient enduring from suspected sepsis, that they must be managed with O therapy, good documented critical marks and IV entree to originate unstable resuscitation. ( 24 ) The end for EMS is to keep systolic blood force per unit area merely above 90mm Hg, with a Mean arterial force per unit area of 65mm Hg as any higher has the possible to decline cardiac end product, with inauspicious reactions. ( 24-26 ) Other surveies support the impression of keeping Mean arterial force per unit area at 65mm Hg as there is no clinical benefit to increasing this value higher. ( 27-28 ) Sibley and Sibley ( 23 ) contradict many other surveies which suggest that early empiric antibiotic intervention of patients suspected of holding sepsis is a standard pattern ; and the earlier intervention is initiated, the more positive the result. ( 2, 6, 8, 10, 16, 25, 29-30 ) Empirical antibiotic intervention is the usage of a wide spectrum antibiotic whilst curative intervention with antibiotics is the induction of antibiotic intervention after blood civilizations are taken and the specific pathogen is identified. ( 31 ) Whilst empirical antibiotic intervention in the direction of sepsis may be the initial drug of pick, it is in the patient ‘s best involvement that appropriate antibiotic therapy is continued within the infirmary. Appropriate antibiotic therapy is defined as â€Å" the usage of an antimicrobic agent that is right on the footing of all available clinical, pharmacological and microbiological grounds. † ( 32 ) With regard to the pre-hospital disposal of antibiotic therapy, a recent survey concluded that, if a patient is enduring infected daze, with each hr of hold in antibiotic disposal after the oncoming of hypotension was associated with an mean lessening in endurance of about 8 % . ( 33 ) However, a possible job with empirica l antibiotic intervention is that because sepsis is non the consequence of a individual pathogen, the usage of empirical antibiotics may non cover the pathogen doing the disease or unwellness. Broad spectrum antibiotics may ‘bide clip ‘ until blood civilizations and appropriate testing can be done within a infirmary scene. The current research suggests that the antibiotic choice used to handle conditions such as sepsis has a profound impact on patient results ( 34 ) and this is besides the instance with unequal antibiotic therapy, where the invading pathogen is non being efficaciously treated. ( 31 ) With respect to the empirical intervention, there are many different signifiers of pathogens that can do sepsis, including Staphylococcus aures, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ( 10 ) With this in head, the aforesaid figures that approximately 28 % of infected patients are caused by a gm discoloration positive, and 20 % of patients are gram discoloration negative, and the remainder being about 52 % ( 3, 10 ) , the impression is that wide spectrum antibiotics may non cover these specific pathogens, hence rendering intervention useless. Potentially this could take to a negative or inauspicious result. An International Initiative, the ‘Surviving Sepsis Campaign ‘ ( 30, 35 ) and the Critical Care Community in the United Kingdom ( 6 ) ab initio concentrated on educating exigency section staff to advance the debut of direction of sepsis known as ‘Early Goal Directed Therapy ‘ . Upon reappraisal, hapless execution of this enterprise and resuscitation lead the instruction staff involved to a move to aim the staff working in countries outside of the exigency section, including the execution of an operationalised resuscitation direction program referred to as the ‘Sepsis Six ‘ . The ‘Sepsis Six ‘ involves the disposal of high flow O, blood civilizations, IV antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, step serum lactate and hemoglobin and the interpolation of a urinary catheter to mensurate urine end product. The ‘Sepsis Six ‘ can be implemented by hospital staff with different accomplishment sets in the first hr following the diagnosing of sepsis and can do a important part to diminishing mortality. ( 6 ) With regard to the principle of the ‘Sepsis Six ‘ Robson et. Al. proposes that constituents of this intervention can be initiated pre infirmary, and interestingly, the writers besides highlight that pre infirmary sepsis attention is unusual, but pre infirmary cardiac attention is common. The inquiry remains as to why that is. Given that all the literature available suggests that there is a important lessening in morbidity and mortality associated with early antibiotic intervention. Within Ambulance Victoria, the current direction for the intervention of terrible sepsis has non been established. Merely a guideline is specifically written for meningococcal blood poisoning which allows paramedics to administrate Ceftriaxone in the pre infirmary field in the suspected instance of meningococcal blood poisoning. ( 36 ) Walker ( 37 ) proposes that in the twelvemonth 2003, meningococcal disease affected about 500 Australians with about 100 of these instances showing in Victoria. It would look logical that an appropriate guideline is established for sepsis and terrible sepsis based on the available informations from Sundararajan et. Al. ( 3 ) which suggest within a 4 twelvemonth clip frame, about 34,000 admittances to hospital were identified as enduring from sepsis. However, it must be recognised that this lone histories for 1.1 % of the entire figure of admittances to Victorian exigency sections. ( 3 ) This is well more hospital admittances when compared with meningoc occal blood poisoning, with similar, if non more deathly effects. Possibly the idea of utilising empirical antibiotic therapy doing a ‘super bug ‘ with sepsis is debateable. Whilst many surveies report that Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures is developed within the infirmary system ( 38 ) instead than the community based scene ; this attitude is altering with larger Numberss of community acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures being reported, ( 39 ) with an estimated 50 % of the population being a bearer of the bacteriums. ( 40 ) The concern of physicians and other wellness professionals to the idea of originating intervention with an empirical antibiotic may be a consequence of old traffics with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures has evolved and mutated to be come ‘resistant ‘ over coevalss with different strains of antibiotic that were ab initio effectual at extinguishing the bacterial pathogen. ( 41 ) The idea that exposing such a wide spectrum antibi otic ; for illustration Rocephin, ( a Mefoxin antibiotic ) is that the exposure of a drug like this may potentially originate a familial mutant in potentially a broad spread of different strains of pathogens. Many surveies have investigated the usage of empirical antibiotics and besides the possibility of non merely one pathogen doing disease, hence developing an appropriate antibiotic government. This makes logical sense nevertheless, with consideration to the possible to do a familial mutant, exposing a pathogen to several antibiotics may hold the possible to bring forth a immune strain to non merely one antibiotic, but several. The surprising intelligence is that these surveies have proven to hold small or no excess consequence in cut downing mortality. ( 42-43 ) Walker ( 37 ) proposes that the disposal of pre infirmary antibiotics by paramedics does hold the potency for complications, including inauspicious reactions such as anaphylaxis and vasomotor prostration. However, the hazard of antibiotic disposal is no different to the disposal of any other drug, with possible side effects and inauspicious reactions specific to single patients.Synthesise recommendations for paramedic direction of sepsis based on available grounds.Pre infirmary informations available on the intervention and direction of infected patients are scarce. It is apparent that more research needs to be undertaken in order to right place infected patients and originate early intervention. However the inquiry remains as to whether informations will of all time be available due to the possible inauspicious reactions and the ethical quandary environing the prospective withholding of intervention to patients. The information that is available suggest that paramedics can do a diff erence in the possible results of these patients. A mortality rate of stopping point to 40 % is unacceptable. It is proposed that paramedics undertake a similar theoretical account to the ‘Sepsis Six ‘ with an available pre infirmary testing tool ; similar to what the United Kingdom propose. This involves the designation of systemic engagement of the immune system by using the categorization for SIRS ; whilst utilizing this in concurrence with history of a new infection. Taking both of these into consideration, relentless hypotension, low O impregnation and deficiency of urine end product classifies pre hospital patients as enduring from terrible sepsis. ( 6 ) Paramedics are an built-in portion of the wellness attention squad and within the United States they are being overlooked and possible accomplishments are being disregarded and this is still non understood when the literature suggest that early intervention does do a difference in results. With respect to the early disposal of antibiotics, non all patients will name at the oncoming of symptoms. Many will wait until the status is intolerable or they feel like they are deteriorating, therefore it is of import that empirical antibiotic therapy is undertaken at the earliest chance. From the available literature ; the United Kingdom ‘s theoretical account is the gilded criterion in footings of pre infirmary showing and direction of sepsis. Paramedics are extremely trained wellness professionals and are able to pull off infected patients consequently, and as antecedently mentioned, the sepsis six involves high flow O, blood civilizations, IV antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, measured serum lactate and hemoglobin and urinary catheter and step urine end product. This paper does non suggest that paramedics undertake all of the intervention outlined, but alternatively have the ability to originate O therapy, deliver endovenous fluid and antibiotics ; and potentially have the ability to take blood civilizations to manus over to the infirmary. However, it must be emphasised that excess on scene clip to finish these appraisals and intervention must be taken into consideration every bit good as how long till the nearest infirmary. Besides of import to observe that paramedics must advise a receiving infirmary so that the infirmary can suitably triage ( 44 ) and use the pre infirmary pickings of blood in the beginning of faster intervention and supply the ability to originate an appropriate antibiotic government. Possibly a reappraisal of the current guideline in Victoria is needed to widen the range of paramedic pattern to test for possible infected patients, as the literature suggest that this current proportion of patients are exponentionally increasing. However ; it may be easy to theorize alterations that need to be made to the system, and this will take clip and money. Walker ( 37 ) proposes from a direction position there are important costs associated with the antibiotics, preparation and appraisal and on-going replacing of antibiotics on all vehicles. Therefore it is imperative to go on research and hence implement a new guideline into ambulance pattern ; which will profit the wellness of all invested parties. The early acknowledgment and direction of sepsis has deductions on possible patient result. Sepsis has an highly high mortality associated with it and as mentioned antecedently the Oklahoman antibiotics can be administered ; the rapid lessening in patient morbidity and mortality. With regard to the high Numberss of presentations to Victorian exigency sections and intensive attention admittances ; this is mirrored throughout the universe. One of the of import points to understand that the admittances to intensive attention can be avoided if sepsis is recognised earlier and paramedics may hold a important impact on the acknowledgment and disposal of antibiotics, as infected patients have the possible to be really unwell. The fiscal load on the wellness system is tremendous with one survey theorizing that the United States approximate spend on sepsis entirely to be 16 billion dollars. ( 2, 7 ) Data is unavailable from Victoria and Australia ; nevertheless the costs associated with suppl ying antibiotics for the direction of sepsis will be less than handling in an Intensive Care Unit.DecisionOne of the chief repeating subjects throughout this paper is that sepsis and terrible sepsis have a high association with morbidity and mortality, even though the figure of presentations have increased. The point needs to be emphasised that current direction is non good plenty. The research within infirmaries is apparent, that early antibiotic intervention of patients enduring from sepsis has profound effects on endurance and recovery. Paramedics are potentially the first line of wellness attention workers exposed to patients enduring terrible sepsis and have the ability to move with wide spectrum antibiotics. Within Victoria, ambulances already carry Ceftriaxone ; an illustration of a wide spectrum antibiotic. A guideline particular to sepsis demands to be developed and implemented in the pre infirmary field, potentially on the footing of the United Kingdom ‘s theoretical account of recognizing terrible sepsis. The cost benefit analysis of implementing a new guideline, with the possible disposal of antibiotics to more patients would badly outweigh the costs associated with an admittance to an intensive attention installation. The impression of taking pre infirmary blood and advising a receiving infirmary of the possible infected patient may originate appropriate intervention faster. Paramedics have the ability to do a difference with this clip critical patient.

Positivist Theories Of Law And Morality - 1660 Words

Positivist theories of law can be described as â€Å"those who understand the law to be a particular sort of social ordering, a certain kind of social technology by which individuals who live together can coordinate their behaviour and resolve disputes.† Positivist theories also state that there is no necessary connection between law and morality and rejects the idea of a higher law. Classical legal positivism was first founded by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). Bentham’s aim was to provide an alternative to what he saw as ‘errors of the conventional jurisprudence’ of his time. His ideas were later developed by John Austin, who promoted the ‘Command Theory’ of law. HLA Hart was very much in favour of legal positivism; however, he didn’t agree with some of the concepts outlined by Austin. He analysed the classical theories of positivism, particularly those of Austin and Bentham and attempted to update this view of law. His argument for lega l positivism challenged many of the concepts laid out by the classical theorists. This essay will, therefore, examine Hart’s argument, in favour of legal positivism, look at his analysis of other positivists theories as well as criticisms of his own theory, notably that of Dworkin, and come to a conclusion on whether he provides a persuasive argument in favour of positivism. John Austin’s theory on positivism was one of the main theories in which Hart critiqued in his legal positivism argument. Austin promoted the ‘Command Theory’ of law, withinShow MoreRelatedThe Nature Of People s Beliefs1660 Words   |  7 Pageseven the ideas of the law are exempt from this occurrence. Since the spoken word, hundreds of philosophers have defined law in different ways. Seeing law in different ways people can come to different conclusions about specific cases. The Fugitive Slave Law was a controversial law in American history. The Fugitive Slave Law allowed slave-owners to capture their slaves who have fled North to free states. In United States v Morris, the emancipators challenged the Fugitive Slave Law in Boston. A groupRead MoreThe Case Of Brown V. Board Of Education Of Topeka1694 Words   |  7 Pagesjustified in ruling in the manner they did. So, natural law theorists like St. Thomas Aquinas and John Finnis, legal positivists like H. L. A. H art, and philosopher Ronald Dworkin, while having fundamental differences in their beliefs of what law is, how it is determined, and how cases are adjudicated, would still arrive at the fact that the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education was legally justified. Natural law theory is essentially the belief that law is derived from humans’ unique ability to reasonRead MoreEthics And The Separation Of Law And Morals1257 Words   |  6 Pages Law and morality work together to guide our behavior; while law does it by punishing us if we do something wrong, morality does it through incentives. In their articles, both H.L.A Hart in â€Å"Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals,† and Lon Fuller’s reply to professor Hart in â€Å"Positivism and Fidelity to Law,† discuss the concept of law post world war II Germany and their re-imagining of natural law as put forth by Gustav Radbruch’s theory. In this paper, I hope to show how both law and moralityRead MoreThe Second World War1598 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they weren’t guilty of a crime as they were obeying the law of Nazi Germany . Consequently, the trial revived the broader question of whether laws which are inherently immoral can be considered valid law. Moreover, the trial generated fresh debate within jurisprudence, in turn leading many to criticise the previously prominent ideas of Legal Positivism , which in layman’s ter ms separated law from morality and credited as valid law any bill provided it had gone through the recognised legislativeRead MoreMorality Vs. Morality : Morality And Morality1729 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough law and morality are two separate issues it is evident that morality plays a crucial role in the law. Dr. Jà ¼rgen Habermas stated â€Å"law is internally related†¦ to morality† . The idea of law is not that it must be moral but that it provides a system to allow people to live together peacefully in a society. However, as much as it is debated, it is apparent that in order for human civilisation to work laws must generally be moral. Natural law is a theory that emphasises the role of morality in theRead MorePositivism : The Ruling Theory Of Law944 Words   |  4 Pages(1790-1859) and HLA Hart (1907-1992). Philosopher Ronald Dworkin once described legal positivism as the ruling theory of law. Since the time of Bentham and Austin legal positivism was the dominant theory and was held by most legal scholars in one way or another and was also the working theory of most legal practitioner’s. Although recognized as a dominating jurisprudential theory with considerable influence on the writings of many legal scholars, positivism has been open to much criticism especiallyRead MoreThe Case Of The Speluncean Explorers1740 Words   |  7 Pagesand Keen J adopt a similar positivist position as Lord Coleridge in Dudley and Stephens; that of a definite separation of law and morality. Contrary to modern theorists such as Fuller and Dworkin, positivists hold the opinion that the properties of the law are exclusive of moral bearing and that laws are both made and enforced by men to regulate social, moral and normative interaction between men, thus leaving no place for individual morality in the execution of the law. Judicial supremacy precludesRead MoreEssay on Justice1493 Words   |  6 Pagesachieve it’. Justice is something that we all want from a Law and believe should be an integral part in any legal system. However, the meaning of Justice is very difficult to define. There are many aspects of justice that we may question about; i.e. is a particular law just? Is the legal system just? Much of the issue of justice is very controversial and raises questions such as whether the combination of Law and system produce a just result? Justice has a definitionRead MoreLegal Positivism : A Positivist Legal System1401 Words   |  6 Pagesis propounded by a Positivist Legal System. The aim of this essay is to evaluate a positivist legal system or legal positivism, by analysing what it means, what it does the positive and negative aspects of legal positivism, how legal positivism works in a society. In order to understand a positivist legal system and how it works in a society, this essay is going to concentrate on some aspects of legal positivism, which are; the definition of legal positivism or positivist legal system, ideologiesRead MoreThe Distinction Between Natural Law And Legal Positivism Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesdefine the distinction between natural law and legal positivism. I will make distinctions regarding advantages and disadvantages of the definitions of the theories of natural law and legal positivism. By focussing on slavery as an example I will be looking at various theorists and their theories thereby attempting to make sense and find clarity in this regard. Furthermore to understand the aspects of natural law and legal positivism, one has to understand the theories of Cicero, Thomas Aquinas among others

My video telepathy internship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 818 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/18 Category Sociology Essay Type Admission Essay Level High school Tags: Learning Essay Did you like this example? Introduction. All internship are made for the purposes of learning and gaining skills and knowledge in a certain field. While undergoing through our internship, certain barriers may occur hindering learner from acquiring relevant skills and knowledge concerning the field of study. Telepathy is a thought of communication without using words and the five know senses of communication. It is also referred to as mind to mind communication between the sender and receiver who are geographically far from one another. Many business use videos to convey mind to mind communications to their customers. Q1 While undertaking my internship in a video telepathy business company, I came across very challenging work but through guidance by my supervisor I was able to acquire the following skills of Photoshop, developing a product video, setting up of studio, social media management and use of Facebook, Instagram and you tube in advertising product by using videos. I gained work knowledge growth in organizing, proper email weighting and keeping track of a meter. This knowledge can make me qualify for admission in a college dealing with information and technology. Script writing services can help me do well in practical assignments allocated for me by my information and technology paper. Have helped my firm to attract more customers and indeed boosted my income. I have also been in a position to come up with product videos for all brands. This has convinced customers on the products of the firms I market and through this my firm has become more popular as time goes on. From the knowledge I acquired from video telepathy internship, have been able to come up with customer video projects, videos funnel packaging and re-targeting videos. Taking advantage of any educational opportunity is crucial in that the knowledge and skills acquired can grant a chance for me in the college. I am still able to demonstrate a lot through the knowledge and experience I acquired from my internship in video t elepathy. It is very crucial to focus majorly on practical bit of our studies than theoretical knowledge. If admitted in our college, I will be in a position to show my core students on how to establish a studio which can be very important in creating employment opportunities for individual. All this has come in to being through taking advantage of my internship opportunity. All challenges I came across as I was pursuing my internship I overcame them through encouragement and support by my supervisor and frequent research that I undertook whenever I came across a barrier in my education. The same case will apply once you permit me a chance in our college. Q 2.dyslexia is a situation where by a learner cannot learn with ease how to read accurately and fluently. This is caused by brain issue. This state in children does not outgrow but with right skills and proper guidance this can be eliminated. Many kind who had similar challenges are now successful in their lives. Kids with dysl exia dont have problems of intelligence, vision or laziness. I being one of the victim, I had a problem of reading comprehensively and understanding nothing from the context. This dealt me a big blow in my desires to be admitted in journalism. Despite that problem, I did not give up and even my teachers encouraged me. I tried to find out the mechanism of overcoming this challenge. I tried to learn with pictures and stories where I found that at least I was getting somehow. The interest to pursue my career increased and I continued to invent other ways which could increase the ability to understand what I read. The next mechanism that I applied later was breaking the information in to steps through note taking. This in deed boosted my understanding much better that the first invention mentioned above. After teachers understood my challenges, they also allowed extra time to couch me. They avoided over-correcting me whenever I made a mistake. They also accommodated me through allowi ng me to do an oral report instead of written assignment. I also adopted multi-sensory structured literacy that helped me now compete with my fellow classmates. Use of assistive technology tool like audiobooks and text-to-speech apps now equalized me with the other students. I could now read and interpret what have read with ease. This challenge in the past had negatively affected my studies simply because after an exam test, I was failing terribly. This in one way or the other had initially demoralized and made me think that I was abnormal. Immediately after inventing methods of overcoming these challenges, my status changed and I got morale in continuing to study in order to achieve my dreams. Actually this initial challenge has made me pursue a degree in doctorial and I now feel a happy man. I confidently know that if it were not for that challenge, I would not have pursued my Third Draft.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My video telepathy internship" essay for you Create order

Shakespeares Definition of Love in Sonnet Number 116 and 130

Shakespeares Definition of Love in Sonnet Number 116 and 130 Sonnet number one hundred sixteen and number one hundred thirty provide a good look at what Shakespeare himself defines as love. The former describes the ever-enduring nature of true love, while the latter gives an example of this ideal love through the description of a woman who many call the â€Å"Dark Lady†. Through the combination of these two sonnets Shakespeare provides a consistent picture of what love should be like in order to â€Å"bear it out even to the edge of doom†(116, Ln: 12). To me the tern â€Å"maker† used by Sir Philip Sidney to describe the poets first and foremost duty would refer to the creation process, which produces the end text. The discourse of the poet is to†¦show more content†¦Love is something that does not change when it finds and alteration in the object of its affection. Love merely adapts or does not notice these alterations at all. The second quatrain compares loves stability to a star fixed in the sky, â€Å"t he star to every wandering bark, / Who’s worth’s unknown, although his height be taken† (Ln: 7-8). The third quatrain again shows the consistency of love through imagery concerning the passage of time. With the lines: â€Å"Love is not time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks/ Within his bending sickles compass come† Shakespeare comments on the blindness of this ideal love (Ln: 9-10). Time, although it may be able to fade someone’s physical appearance, cannot touch love. Love is immortal and unchanging regardless of any effect time would have on ones physical appearance. The couplet changes in tone from the rest of the sonnet. In contrast to the descriptive images used to catalogue the virtues of love, the couplet is a stern straightforward set of words. Sonnet one hundred thirty describes a woman that Shakespeare loves. His descriptions of both this woman, and what he loves about her comply with the standards he has set forth in sonne t one hundred sixteen. It seems as though Shakespeare is almost playing it safe by loving this woman. The cheeks and lips, which are portrayed in the previous sonnet as something, which will fade with time, are not at all the basis ofShow MoreRelatedStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesas charity, greed, or envy. Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning 4. allusion- A reference in one literary work to a character or theme found in another literary work. T. S. Eliot, in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock alludes (refers) to the biblical figure John the Baptist in the line Though I have seen my head (grown slightly bald) brought in upon a platter, . . . In the New Testament, John the Baptists head was presented to King Herod

Why Reality Tv Is Good for Us free essay sample

The Paradox of Reality TV A comment on the article: â€Å"Television: Why Reality TV Is Good For Us† For the last decade, reality TV has become increasingly popular. Not just popular, as in commonly well accepted and generally appreciated, but amazingly popular – a cultural revolution. The article â€Å"Television: Why Reality TV Is Good For Us† describes the phenomenon as the reason for the creation of attractive cults lead by spiritual leaders in shape of heartbroken singles, horny studs and failed actors and singers. The article focuses on a group of women, whose cult’s ceremony is scheduled every Wednesday – holy Wednesday, as they call the day where they get their reality TV fix. Quite paradoxically the cult’s members are rather unsatisfied with the position they have been put in – they actually don’t even appreciate and worship their holy grail – reality TV. â€Å"Do we not have anything better to do than live vicariously through a bunch of 15-minute-fame seekers? † one of the cult members rhetorically asks herself. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Reality Tv Is Good for Us or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The answer is no. The article states, how reality TV has taken over as the â€Å"America’s hottest TV genre†. What is the reason for this success? Is it the reality programs revolutionary and barrier breaking depth or is it the carefully selected intelligent and inspiring contestants? Again, the answer is no. It all comes down to the exposure of the people who in their quest for fame and success end up achieving the complete opposite – being laughed at and exemplifying the grievous self-realization process in the contemporary society. Finally it is all seasoned with a shallow and low-browed setup. Due to the presentation of arguments for reality TV’s success, gimmicks and our need for it, the authors primary target group is the cult (those who watch reality TV). Enlightened, bright and independent persons (among who I prefer counting myself in) may also get a more varied approach towards reality TV. The article starts out the argumentation with a paradoxical statement: â€Å"never have so many watched so much TV with so little good to say about it. † Then why do we do it? First of all, reality TV tells human stories in another way – as simple as that. Human stories are what the consumers crave for. But when it comes down to the actual reality of reality TV the utility value equals zero. The plots in most reality series that come to my mind is as far from reality as water is from fire. Who eats goat testicles as fast as possible to impress a girl (yes, I have watched Tila Tequilla – against my will though) or act as a transsexual clown to obtain fame in real life? None as far as I am concerned! Although reality TV does, in my opinion, have a very forceful attribute, which also is stated in the article: â€Å"Reality shows [†¦] leave them (viewers) feeling part of a communal experience [†¦]†. Especially this part of the argumentation is easy for me to indentify myself with. I can’t count all those days where I’ve come to school only to listen to the latest gossip about the popular Danish reality series â€Å"Paradise Hotel† – even though I don’t have any interest in reality series I couldn’t help getting a little interested in all the stories about sex, anger and revenge; I guess I’m just human. Maybe this is exactly the reason for reality TV’s popularity? Perhaps it is simply so instinctive, animalistic and equal with human nature that it is irresistible? What ignites the human curiosity more than basic instinctive themes? Provocation definitely does. The article hits the very essence of the provocative effect of reality TV with the following statement: â€Å"A great reality-TV concept takes some commonplace piety of polite society and gives it a wedgie†. As one of the producers of reality TV also states: â€Å"I like to make a show where people say: â€Å"You can’t put that on TV†. Then I put it on TV†. The article states how immoral reality TV is categorized as sick, while other non-reality programs (such as Sopranos) having the same immoral content may just as well get labelled â€Å"nuanced storytelling†. Before drawing the conclusion, that such an assumption is correct, an important distinction has to be made. Reality TV does, in spite of the questionable foundation, have its point of reference in real people from the real world Sopranos doesn’t. So what can we conclude from all this? Are all reality TV contestants just the modern attention whores? Some may say, but I think everyone can agree on the fact, that these people pursue their dreams, which is an admirable attribute. The article mentions a single lady from American Idol, who works both as a boxer and waitress to feed and raise her son; did she get on stage to fulfil herself or set a good example for her son? As the article states, American Idol didn’t tell – you have to make up your own mind. This is perhaps the very essence of reality TV; it forces us to make up our minds and reflect on our own lives. Allow me to recast something earlier stated – this article is not only intended for the viewers of reality TV; it is intended for everyone. What is life if no one dares to follow their dreams?

Evidence Based Health Care

Question: Discuss about theEvidence Based Health Care. Answer: Introduction: As stated by Ferreira et al. (2014), Asthma is a chronic disease of deformation or obstruction in the airways of the human lungs. The aetiology of asthma states that the bronchial tubes which allow air to enter or exit the lungs get inflamed. The airways become swollen and the muscles that encircle the bronchioles get tighten causing obstruction in the air passage. Evidence based practice have shown that metered-dose inhaler (MDI) has proved to be an effective way of reducing the difficulties associated with this disease. According to Reznik, M., Silver Cao (2014), the health care community has recognized evidence practice as the gold standard in order to provide provision of compassionate and safe health care system. This essay will focus on the strategies for implementation of evidence based clinical practice to use MDI with spacer for asthma patients. In addition to this the challenges involved in the implementation of this clinical practice will also be highlighted in this essay . Background: I am working in respiratory ward in a hospital. There are several patients with asthma attack would be admitted to my ward for treatment and management of the disease. I have found out that some patients are with uncontrolled asthma due to poor Metered-dose inhaler (MDI) technique. Moreover, they always resist using spacer for MDI inhalation. According to Topal et al. (2016), when an MDI is inhaled without a spacer directly, 90% of the dose get scattered in the mouth and the oropharynx. Such depositions can be largely abolished when a spacer is used. Spacers can aid in directing the administration of the dose inside the respiratory pathway specifically. Spacers are chambers that contain aerosol into which the MDI dose is administered and from which the patient inhales. This process occurs usually via a one-way valve, so that the dose cannot be lost during the process of exhalation. Spacers can also reduce local and total body side-effects of inhaled drugs. Spacers should always be us ed with MDIs that deliver inhaled corticosteroids (Sadreameli et al., 2016). As discussed by Ronk et al. (2012), Spacers can make administration of medication easier and helps to reach the dose to lungs without much deposition. In addition to this a spacer reduces the chances of less medication deposition in the mouth and throat, which might lead to irritation and mild infections. Thus, it is recommended for anyone, of any age, using a puffer, should consider using a spacer. Certain literatures show using spacer for MDIs inhalation can improve asthma symptoms and reduce asthma attack compared to using MDI only (Mitselou et al., 2016). But there are some patients who due to difficulty in the use of spacer and deficit of knowledge do not want to use spacer. So I would like to implement an education program on using MDIs with spacer to reduce asthma attack. A study revealed the fact that on introducing a spacer to patients in a hectic, inner-city pediatric ED is an effectual and efficient intervention which improves the working of asthmatic children in regards t o decree of cough and wheezes and school absenteeism (Zar, 2014). Education program would include face to face education, assess and demonstrate technique of using spacer for inhalation, free provide spacer to patient use, video sharing and follow up plan. Barriers: Although literature review reveals the fact that MDI linked spacer use has shown tremendous relief in asthmatic patients, still there are several barriers that exist in this world. For example, religious and cultural views, workload associated with the use of MDI spacer, increased cost and knowledge deficit contributes to ineffective treatment. One of the most significant barrier which is linked to the treatment of asthma using MDI spacer is that not only there is existence of cultural difference between the professionals and the patient but there is a huge language gap (Berger et al., 2014). Communication plays an important role in the treatment of patients who are receiving clinical benefits in a culturally diverse environment. Based on the practices of our ward the asthmatic patients are treated with antileukotrienes or leukotriene modifiers and immunomodulators. Generally, the nurses administer oral corticosteroids for patients in accordance to the medication administration recor d (MAR) after proper assessment of their relief level and motivate them to use MDI spacer as an efficient clinical management. However, the outcome is not satisfactory. According to Nielsen et al. (2013), the reason of these major challenges is high admission rate and misconceptions about the side effects and lack of knowledge about the use of the spacer. Such factors give the reason to construct an education program that can help in reduction of problems which are associated with asthma. Education Program: As discussed by Nielsen et al. (2013), there are several barriers to the thriving implementation of research findings into the clinical sector. Promoting a change in plan or clinical policy using an evidence based approach might remain ineffective unless specific strategies are employed in this arena. Fortunately, there are some researches or studies which showed that there are some benefits of educational intervention for people with asthma. According to a systematic review and meta- analysis educational interventions improved knowledge and attitudes and reduced average and worst pain intensity scores which is a pain assessment tool, when compared with usual care (Rowe et al., 2012). Studies reveal that inhalation of doses are important as a part of the asthma treatment. Advices vary depending on the clinicians and nurses (Levy et al., 2013). According to Turyk et al. (2013), home-based, multifaceted interventions have proved to be effective in reducing the morbidity in children. However, the recognition of the independent factors that contributes to the positive outcomes and also delineating effectiveness by the stage of asthmatic symptoms would aid in refining the intervention process. The MDI spacer education program would include face-to face interview, distribution of leaflet, sharing and presentation of video and evaluation process for example follow-up session. In the hectic schedule the face-to-face interview is not the only mode of educating the patient and his or her family. Moreover, it is time consuming, not cost effective and due to lack of man power and resources such a method can be ineffective. Therefore, it is essential to design and strategise education program that can be effective in removing all the barriers related to the use of spacer linked with MDI and can educate patient and their family in mass Nielsen et al. (2013). Strategies: The first step involved in the educational program would be to receive approval from the management of the health care organization for conducting this educational program for reducing the risks associated with asthma. Secondly, with the approval of the specific manager a clinical education program can be conducted involving a group of patient and their family members that can be based on face-to-face demonstration. During this program, a highly qualified, registered and experienced nurse can be assigned to bestow evidence based and practical based knowledge to the patients. In order to make the program cost effective, leaflet can be printed from within the organization (Reznik, M., Silver Cao 2014). Through video sharing and presentation using from the organizational resources patients would be educated about the advantages and need of the MDI spacer. The disadvantages of using the MDI without the spacer would be demonstrated through a small video presentation and also practically. Moreover, the patients would be informed about the fact that using a spacer with a MDI on can minimize the side effects of the medicines consumed as dosage. Once the program learning session is over, follow session would be arranged on weekly basis in order to record the success of the education imparted to the patients. Then the effectiveness of the program would be evaluated. The follow-up process would also involve communication with the patients over the phone after their discharge. If evidence based practice is carried out smoothly then it can be hoped the various barriers associated with the clinical treatment of asthma in regards to MDI spacer can be eliminated and the use of spacer linked with MDI can be put into practice formally in our department (Zar, 2014). Conclusion: There are many beliefs associated with the treatment of many chronic diseases. Thus, the health care community has recognized evidence practice as the gold standard in order to provide provision of compassionate and safe health care system. In the recent past evidence based studies have proved to be a successful and effective tool in improving the quality of service provided to the patients. Although it is a known fact that incorporation of the evidence practice in the nursing care can prove to a great achievement in the clinical arena, there are several barriers which the nurses experience daily. In the treatment of asthma with MDI have many side effects or disadvantages. Studies reveal that the use of a spacer can remove the risks associated with the direct use of MDI. Therefore, as a health care professional I would recommend the use of an educational program in our department to support evidence based practice and use of the spacer associated with MDI in the treatment of asthma. References: Berger, W. E., Bensch, G. W., Weinstein, S. F., Skoner, D. P., Prenner, B. M., Shekar, T., ... Teper, A. A. (2014). Bronchodilation with mometasone furoate/formoterol fumarate administered by metered dose inhaler with and without a spacer in children with persistent asthma.Pediatric pulmonology,49(5), 441-450. Ferreira, M. A., Matheson, M. C., Tang, C. S., Granell, R., Ang, W., Hui, J., ... Bui, M. (2014). Genome-wide association analysis identifies 11 risk variants associated with the asthma with hay fever phenotype.Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,133(6), 1564-1571. Levy, M. L., Hardwell, A., McKnight, E., Holmes, J. (2013). Asthma patients' inability to use a pressurised metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) correctly correlates with poor asthma control as defined by the global initiative for asthma (GINA) strategy: a retrospective analysis.Primary Care Respiratory Journal,22, 406-411. McCormack, K., Leo, H. (2015). Using Videos to Teach Children Inhaler Technique: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Pediatrics,136(Supplement 3), S273-S273. Mitselou, N., Hedlin, G., Hederos, C. A. (2016). Spacers versus nebulizers in treatment of acute asthmaa prospective randomized study in preschool children.Journal of Asthma, (just-accepted), 00-00. Nielsen, A. E., Noone, J., Voss, H., Mathews, L. R. (2013). Preparing nursing students for the future: An innovative approach to clinical education.Nurse education in practice,13(4), 301-309. Reznik, M., Silver, E. J., Cao, Y. (2014). Evaluation of MDI-spacer utilization and technique in caregivers of urban minority children with persistent asthma.Journal of Asthma,51(2), 149-154. Ronk, J., Alarcon, L., Loughlin, C. E. (2012). Implementing Standardized Metered-Dose-Inhaler (mdi) Spacer Technique Checklist For Pediatric Asthma Patients Across University Of North Carolina (unc) Children's Hospital.Am J Respir Crit Care Med,185, A3359. Rowe, M., Frantz, J., Bozalek, V. (2012). The role of blended learning in the clinical education of healthcare students: a systematic review.Medical Teacher,34(4), e216-e221. Sadreameli, S. C., Pereira, I., Mann, S., Garger, C., Mercier, L., Lee, C. K., ... Jassal, M. S. (2016). Asthma Management Of Nonicu Pediatric Patients Using A Multidisciplinary Stakeholder-Developed Protocol.Radiology,28, 304. Topal, E., Celiksoy, M. H., Catal, F., Sinanoglu, M. S., Karakoc, H. T. E., Sancak, R., Ozturk, F. (2016, February). Assessment of skills using a spacer device for a metered dose inhaler and related independent predictive factors in caregivers of asthmatic preschool children. InInternational forum of allergy rhinology(Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 130-134). Turyk, M., Banda, E., Chisum, G., Weems Jr, MA, D., Liu, Y., Damitz, M., ... Persky, V. (2013). A multifaceted community-based asthma intervention in Chicago: effects of trigger reduction and self-management education on asthma morbidity.Journal of Asthma,50(7), 729-736. Zar, H. J. (2014). Alternate Spacer Devices in the Treatment of Asthma in Children.Current Allergy Clinical Immunology,27(4), 265.